Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model
The value of a call option (based on the original B-S model) has been described as a function of five parameters:
The following assumptions have been used in developing valuation models for options: 1. The rate of return on the stock follows a lognormal distribution. This means that the logarithm of 1 plus the rate of return follows the normal, or bell-shaped, curve. (The assumption ensures continuous trading - the stock rate of return distribution is continuous.) 2. The risk-free rate and variance of the return on the stock are constant throughout the option¡¦s life. (The two variables are nonstochastic.) 3. There are no taxes or transaction costs. 4. The stock pays no dividends. (This assumption ensures no jumps in the stock price. It is well known that the stock price falls by approximately the amount of the dividend on the ex-dividend date.) 5. The calls are European, which does not allow for early exercise. The B-S option pricing model is formulated as followed:
where N(¡E) = the cumulative normal distribution function of (¡E).
In(¡E) = the natural logarithm of (¡E).
Once we have the price for a call option, we can derive the price of the put option which written against the same stock with the same exercise price using the put-call parity developed by Stoll in 1969:
In this example, we derived call and put option price based on the Black-Scholes model. The function procedures are used. The first function, SNorm(z), computes the probability from negative infinity to z under standard normal curve. This function provides results similar to those provided by NORMSDIST( ) on Excel. The second function and the third function compute call and put prices, respectively. The call price is computed on cell C13, and the put price on cell C14. The two formulas are listed on B17 and B18 for reference purpose.
Copyright © XL Modeling.
